Alfred Bernhard Nobel

Alfred Bernhard Nobel. Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 from the couple Immanuel Nobel and Andriette Ahlsell. The father is an engineer and businessman in the construction field who also likes to experiment, especially in terms of destruction of buildings and the stone which is strongly associated with the profession. Later, the path is what encourages businesses to Alfred Nobel discovered dynamite as an explosive.

When Alfred was born, Immanuel businesses experiencing adversity. This led him to move to other countries, namely Finland and Russia. His family was left in Stockholm. Although derived from a wealthy family, Andriette has tenacity and ability to work hard are awesome. In order to survive his family, he opened a grocery store in Stockholm and reap no small treasure.

Immanuel Nobel in 1842, the family reunited in Russia. Immanuel is a new business, namely the field of machinery on the rise and success because of the contract with the Russian military as a provider of equipment used in the Crimean War against England. His company also makes landmines and the sea are necessary for the Russian government.

Nobel family settled in Saint Petersburg and the simple life although it may be involved in luxury. Immanuel wealth invested in their children's education. Alfred and his brother did not undergo any formal education in schools. They were educated in private homes under the instruction of teachers who are competent in their respective fields.

The results of such education is very visible in Alfred. Under the guidance of a Swedish teacher, Lars Santesson, he finally has a very deep interest in literature and philosophy. Ivan Peterov Immanuel teaching children mathematics, physics, and chemistry. All children Immanuel fluent in Swedish, Russian, Russia, France, Britain, and Germany. Alfred himself mastered the language at the age of 17.

Although the base received the same education, Alfred chose a different path with his brothers. Ludvig and Robert dabbling in the fields of engineering, while Alfred chose to explore the science of chemistry. Professor Nikolai N. Zinin, the chemistry teacher, is the person who introduced Alfred and Immanuel will nitroglycerin at a later date.

Study chemical engineering

Alfred Nobel was very interested youth will be literature, physics, and chemistry. He also classified as personal as it is very melancholy love to make poems. After his death, he recorded a personal library of 1,500 books ranging from science, philosophy, to theology and history. The works of Lord Byron, poet of England, is liked by the child.

Philosophy helped fill in his youth. Just because you want to test the language skills (and of course the intellectual as well), Alfred Nobel Voltaire translated from French to Swedish language and re-wrote it in French. Thought Locke, Alexander von Humboldt, and Benedict Spinoza were dilahapnya easily.

Apparently, Immanuel did not agree with a penchant Alfred. He hoped that Alfred joined the family company, especially as an engineer. Immanuel effort to divert attention from the literary world realized Alfred by Alfred sent overseas. Immanuel wanted her child to a quiet, slightly introverted that explore the science of chemical engineering and opened to his view.

Alfred began traveled the world since 1850 until 1852. The first country he visited the United States. There he learned the latest technologies. His education was continued in Paris, France. Professor T.J. Pelouze accept to work in his private laboratory on the recommendation given by Professor Zinin, a former chemistry teacher.

Zinin himself was a pupil of Pelouze. Pelouze is a professor at the Collge de France and also a close friend of Berzelius, Swedish chemist.

What happened in Paris was long tails on the business of Alfred Nobel later. The city is also makes a chemist Alfred acquainted with a young student who comes from Italy Pelouze, Ascanio Sobrero. Sobrero three years earlier, in 1847, found a liquid chemical called with pyroglicerine (now named with nitroglycerin). He explains to Alfred, this material has a high explosive power, but he did not know how to control the resulting explosion.

Nitroglycerin produced from mixing the glycerin with nitric and sulfuric acid or glycerol nitration process. This material is very dangerous because it is explosive. Although it has destroyed the power of gunpowder exceeding (Gunpowder), but this liquid can easily explode if subjected to pressure and temperature increase. Alfred Nobel was interested in knowing more about nitroglycerin and want to involve their use in the construction business.

Insolvent

In 1852 Immanuel Nobel businesses are progressing very rapidly in line with the increasing severity of the Crimean War. The Russian government will order the equipment of war increases. Immanuel was sent Alfred to return to Russia to help the family business.

Based on the knowledge gained while in Paris, Alfred and his father conducted a series of experiments to produce nitroglycerine in large quantities and can be used in commercial purposes.

The idea would be research on nitroglycerin comes also from Professor Zinin who held a demonstration to the use of nitroglycerin for military purposes. At the demonstration, pour a few drops of nitroglycerin Zinin who then hit causing a loud explosion. Nevertheless, it is simply a fluid which reacts in contact with the pressure, the rest remain.

Immanuel also tried to involve him in the Crimean War, but all failed and do not work. According to Alfred at a later date, his father performed experiments by mixing nitroglycerin with gunpowder only done on a small scale.

Crimean War was finally ended after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on March 30, 1856. These events resulted in bankruptcy for Immanuel second and forced him to leave Russia and return to Sweden. Robert and Ludvig settled in Russia and develop a business machine that would later set up a Russian oil company called Brothers Nobel, or Branobel.

"Kieselguhr"

Approximately 1860, Alfred held a series of personal experiments. Eventually he began successfully producing nitroglycerine without any significant problems. This success is the first advantage over Sobrero.

Alfred then mixing nitroglycerin with gunpowder and burning her with the help of axes. The father who perform similar experiments is quite grim. He thought it was his idea. Alfred had explained what he was doing, so that Immanuel's anger subsided. The work of Alfred Nobel will be called by blasting liquid oil is also contained in the patent in October 1863, at the age of 30.

After that, the shadows of success Alferd Nobel began to appear gradually. In the spring and next summer, he returned the research and finally find out the mechanism of nitroglycerin production simpler and introduce the use of detonators in the blasting. Both of these patented inventions eventually anyway.

Although classified as melancholic, Alfred Nobel was not a man who is slow to recover from grief. In September 1864, Alfred in Stockholm factory exploded and killed his brother, Emil Nobel. One month later, he included the company in the stock market.

Great success was achieved. The factory is even more scattered throughout the world. He bought a plot of land in Hamburg, Germany, and setting up factories there. Factory in the United States was built in 1866 after fighting a variety of bureaucratic obstacles and similar business practices.

The success did not deter the attention of Alfred in the field of highly digemarinya, ie researching. He eventually learned, nitroglycerin can be absorbed by a porous material that has a shape that are portable, can be taken anywhere, and secure.

Currently living in Germany, he finally found the material. This material is known as kieselguhr, which is made from silica sand pengabsorb derived from algae shells diatomae. Kieselguhr to make nitroglycerine has the form, being able mengabsorb liquid chemicals. Thus, this mixture can be easily placed in the target blasting and taken anywhere without fear of an explosion.

This is where the dynamite came from. Dynamite comes from the Greek word dynamis, meaning power or power. Year 1867 is also the golden period for the Alfred Nobel patents dynamite for approval in various countries such as Sweden, Britain and the United States. The dynamite was found at the time of engine pneumatic drills and diamond are used for similar purposes. It is not surprising that the involvement of dynamite greatly reduce the time, effort, and cost in construction projects.

In 1868 Alfred Nobel and his father was awarded Letterstedt Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is given to anyone who produce valuable discoveries for mankind. The idea also comes from the Nobel Prize awards received by Alfred Nobel in Sweden.

The bustle of business and often he travels abroad, leaving only a little time for personal life. At the age of 43 she was feeling lonely. This led him to search for friends at home and also a private secretary with a way to advertise in the newspaper. Applicants came. But the choice finally fell on Countess Bertha Kinsky, an Austrian noblewoman.

His introduction to the Countess did not last long because the Countess Bertha Kinsky should marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Nevertheless, they remain in touch by letter. Bertha von Suttner was not a woman at random. He was classified as a thinker and world peace activist who later produced a book titled "Lay Down Your Arms". Many people who do not doubt the influence of Bertha von Suttner in shaping the ideas of Alfred Nobel to give his wealth in the form of prizes for those who strongly support world peace. Bertha von Suttner himself received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.

Excess Alfred Nobel a very prominent is its ability to combine style deep thinking philosopher and scientist-style with his view that far-sighted and dynamic that is often owned by an industrialist. He is also interested in social issues and not infrequently also catapult ideas that are categorized as radical for its time. Literature and writing of poetry as well they do.

Abundant wealth and the absence of offspring make him confused about to be given to whom he possessed. On 27 November 1895 he wrote his will in the presence of the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. In 1891 moved from Paris to San Remo, Italy where he died of a brain hemorrhage on December 10, 1896. He produced 355 patents during his lifetime .***

Farid Solana,

Student Department of Chemical Engineering ITB FTI


Ref : http://klipingut.wordpress.com/2008/01/02/alfred-bernhard-nobel-1833-1896penggemar-filsafat-yang-kreatif-dan-suka-puisi/

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Biografi Alexander Graham Bell

Biografi Alexander Graham Bell. Not how can formal education, but taught well by his family and taught myself, so the particulars tilpun inventor Alexander Graham Bell who was born in 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Interest in Bell reproduce vocal sounds reasonably incurred because of his father an expert in terms of vocal physiology, improving speech and teach deaf people.
Bell had been to Boston, the state of Massachusetts in 1871. It was there in 1875 he made experiments which led to the discovery tilpun. He gathered a patent to establish the alleged discovery in February 1876 and received in return a few weeks later. (It is interesting to note that another man named Elisha Gray also garnered a patent invention for strengthening of similar equipment on the day that coincided with what was done Bell, the only difference a few hours only).

Shortly after the patent is received, Bell tilpun at the exhibition showing 100 years the city of Philadelphia. His discovery attracted the attention of the public and received an award for their work. However, The Western Union Telegraph Company that offers a money of $ 100,000 for the invention of it evaded paying. Because of that, Bell and his friends, in July 1877, started his own company, the ancestors of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company now. Tilpun quickly and achieve massive commercial success. This Sakarang AT & T is the largest business enterprise in the world.

Bell and his wife are in the month of March 1879 holds 15 percent shares of the company apparently had no idea how to fantastic benefits that would be received by the company. Within just seven months, they've sold most of their stock at a price averaging $ 250 per share. In November the price had shot up to $ 1000 per share! (In March it was the one who urged his wife rush sale because he was worried about the stock price would not be that high again!) In 1881 they sold more hastily-third of the remaining shares they hold. Even so, yet in 1883 they were able to get benefits worth about a million dollars.

Although the invention has been orbiting Bell tilpun so wealthy, he never stopped to continue its investigation, and he managed to find again the various tools that are useful, though not as important as tilpun. His interests varied, but its main purpose is to help the deaf. His own wife was deaf girl who practiced alone. Four children, two boys two girls came out thanks to the marriage but the fourth died young. Bell finished in 1882 U.S. citizen and died in 1922.

Large-small effect size lies in the assessment of Bell's size tilpun meaning itself. In my opinion, influence is enormous because there are so many discoveries are widely used by people and so great influence in everyday life.

Bell in the order I placed under the Marconi radio since its usefulness is more diverse than tilpun. For example, conversations tilpun can basically be done by radio, but in some ways (eg communication with aircraft in flight) tilpun can not replace the function of the radio. If it's just that factor alone is so the size, Bell will occupy much further down the order again than Marconi. However, there are two things worth considering. First, although the private tilpun conversation could have been done over the radio, it would be extremely difficult to replace the entire system pertilpunan us with the equivalent of a radio network. Second, the principal method of distributing re-designed sound for the Bell receiver oper tilpun lately taken and used by a radio receiver, phonograph records and various other equipment form. That's why I consider the influence of Bell just slightly less than the Marconi.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922

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Natalie Wood

Natalie Wood. born Natalia Nikolaevna Zacharenko (Russian: Наталья Николаевна Захаренко; July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress.

Wood began acting in movies at the age of four and became a successful child actress in such films as Miracle on 34th Street (1947). A well received performance opposite James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and helped her to make the transition from a child performer. She then starred in the musicals West Side Story (1961) and Gypsy (1962). She also received Academy Award for Best Actress nominations for her performances in Splendor in the Grass (1961) and Love with the Proper Stranger (1963).

Her career continued successfully with films such as Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969). After this she took a break from acting and had two children, appearing in only two theatrical films during the 1970s. She was married to actor Robert Wagner twice, and to producer Richard Gregson. She had one daughter by each: Natasha Gregson and Courtney Wagner. Her younger sister, Lana Wood, is also an actress. Wood starred in several television productions, including a remake of the film From Here to Eternity (1979) for which she won a Golden Globe Award. During her career, from child actress to adult star, her films represented a "coming of age" for both her and Hollywood films in general.

Wood drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California, at age 43, during production of Brainstorm (1983) co-starring Christopher Walken. Her death has been declared an accident. However, on November 17, 2011, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department reopened the case based on new witness statements.

Wood was born Natalia Nikolaevna Zacharenko in San Francisco to Russian immigrant parents Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova; 1912–1998) and Nikolai Stepanovich Zakharenko. As an adult, she stated, "I'm very Russian, you know." She spoke both Russian and English. Her father was born in Vladivostok and he, his mother, and two brothers, immigrated to Montreal, Quebec, and later to San Francisco. There, he worked as a day laborer and carpenter. Her paternal grandfather Stepan worked in a chocolate factory in Russia and was killed in street fighting between Red and White Russian soldiers in 1918. Natalie's mother originally came from Barnaul, southern Siberia, but grew up in the Chinese city of Harbin. She described her family by weaving mysterious tales of being either gypsies or landowning aristocrats In her youth, her mother dreamed of becoming an actress or ballet dancer.

Biographer Warren Harris writes that under the family's "needy circumstances," her mother may have transferred those ambitions to her middle daughter, Natalie. Her mother would take Natalie to the movies as often as she could: "Natalie's only professional training was watching Hollywood child stars from her mother's lap," notes Harris. Wood would later recall this time period:

    My mother used to tell me that the cameraman who pointed his lens out at the audience at the end of the Paramount newsreel was taking my picture. I'd pose and smile like he was going to make me famous or something. I believed everything my mother told me.

Shortly after Wood's birth in San Francisco, her family moved to nearby Sonoma County, and lived in Santa Rosa, California, where Wood was noticed during a film shoot in downtown Santa Rosa. Her mother soon moved the family to Los Angeles and pursued a career for her daughter. Wood's younger sister, Svetlana Zacharenko - now known as Lana Wood - who also became an actress and later a Bond girl. She and Lana have an older half sister, Olga Viriapaeff. Though Natalie had been born "Natalia Zacharenko," her father later changed the family name to "Gurdin" and Natalie was often known as "Natasha," the diminutive of Natalia. The studio executives at RKO Radio Pictures later changed her name to "Natalie Wood", a name she never liked.

In 1961 Wood played Maria in the Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise musical West Side Story which was a major box office and critical success.

Tibbetts notes similarities in her role in this film and the earlier Rebel Without a Cause. Here, she also plays the role of a restless adolescent which reflected the "restlessness of American youth in the 1950s," expressed by youth gangs and juvenile delinquency, along with early Rock and Roll. Both films, he observes, were "modern allegories based on the 'Romeo and Juliet' theme, including private restlessness and public alienation. Where in Rebel she falls in love with the character played by James Dean, whose gang-like friends and violent temper alienated him from his family, in West Side Story she also enters into a romance with a gang member and his threatening world of outcasts, also alienated from their families and the law.

Although the singing parts were sung by Marni Nixon, West Side Story is still regarded as one of Wood's best films. Wood did sing when she starred in the 1962 film, Gypsy. She co-starred in the slapstick comedy The Great Race (1965), with Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Peter Falk. Her ability to speak Russian was an asset given to her character "Maggie DuBois", justifying the character to record the progress of the race across Siberia, and entering the race at the beginning as a contestant. Wood then received her third Academy Award nomination and another Golden Globe award in 1964 for Love with the Proper Stranger, opposite Steve McQueen.

Although many of Wood's films were commercially profitable, her acting was criticized at times. In 1966 she won the Harvard Lampoon Worst Actress of the Year Award. She was the first performer in the award's history to accept it in person and the Harvard Crimson wrote she was "quite a good sport." Conversely, director Sydney Pollack said, "When she was right for the part, there was no one better. She was a damn good actress." Other notable films she starred in were Inside Daisy Clover (1965) and This Property Is Condemned (1966), both of which co-starred Robert Redford and brought subsequent Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress. In both films, which were set during the Great Depression, Wood played small-town teens with big dreams. After the release of the films, Wood suffered emotionally and sought professional therapy. During this time, she turned down the Faye Dunaway role in Bonnie and Clyde because she did not want to be separated from her analyst.Natalie Wood's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located on the south side of the 7000 block of Hollywood Boulevard

After three years away from acting, Wood played a swinger in Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969), a comedy about sexual liberation. The film was one of the top ten box-office hits of the year, and Wood received ten percent of the film's profits.

After becoming pregnant with her first child, Natasha Gregson, in 1970, Wood went into semi-retirement and acted in only four more theatrical films during the remainder of her life. She made a very brief cameo appearance as herself in The Candidate (1972), reuniting her for a third time with Robert Redford. She also reunited on the screen with Robert Wagner in the television movie of the week The Affair (1973) and with Sir Laurence Olivier and husband Wagner in an adaptation of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1976) broadcast as a special by NBC. She made cameo appearances on Wagner's prime-time detective series Switch in 1978 as "Bubble Bath Girl" and Hart to Hart in 1979 as "Movie Star." During the last two years of her life, Wood began to work more frequently as her daughters reached school age.
Wood in her last film, Brainstorm

Film roles Wood turned down during her career hiatus went to Ali MacGraw in Goodbye, Columbus; Mia Farrow in The Great Gatsby; and Faye Dunaway in The Towering Inferno. Later, Wood chose to star in misfires like the disaster film Meteor (1979) with Sean Connery and the sex comedy The Last Married Couple in America (1980). She found more success in television, receiving high ratings and critical acclaim in 1979 for The Cracker Factory and especially the miniseries film From Here to Eternity with Kim Basinger and William Devane. Wood's performance in the latter won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in 1980. Later that year, she starred in The Memory of Eva Ryker which proved to be her last completed production.

At the time of her death, Wood was filming the science fiction film Brainstorm (1983), co-starring Christopher Walken and directed by Douglas Trumbull. She was also scheduled to star in a theatrical production of Anastasia with Wendy Hiller and in a film called Country of the Heart, playing a terminally ill writer who has an affair with a teenager, to be played by Timothy Hutton.[22] Due to her untimely death, both of the latter projects were canceled and the ending of Brainstorm had to be re-written. A stand-in and sound-alikes were used to replace Wood for some of her critical scenes. The film was released posthumously on September 30, 1983, and was dedicated to her in the closing credits.

Wood appeared in 56 films for cinema and television. Following her death, Time magazine noted that although critical praise for Wood had been sparse throughout her career, "she always had work."

Death

On November 28, 1981, the Wagners' yacht, Splendour, was anchored in Isthmus Cove off Catalina Island with Wagner, Wood, and Wood's current film co-star Christopher Walken on board.[30] Also on board was the boat's captain, Dennis Davern, who had worked a number of years for the Wagners before Wood's death.

According to Wagner in his 2009 book, Pieces of My Heart, he had been jealous of Wood's friendship with Walken and there had been a fight between him, Walken, and Wood, during which Wagner smashed a wine bottle on a table. Also according to Wagner, it was at this time that Wood left for her stateroom and Walken retired to his, with Wagner behind Wood. According to Davern, the yacht's captain, it was at this time that he heard the couple fighting; he reports that he turned up his stereo to drown out the argument. Looking out the pilot house window, he saw both Wood and Wagner arguing at the aft deck of the yacht. Shortly after this, Davern claims, Wagner sought him out, saying he couldn't find Wood. Davern unsuccessfully searched the boat for her, also noticing that the yacht's dinghy was missing. According to Davern, Wagner seemed unconcerned about Wood's disappearance and poured drinks for both himself and Davern.

At this point, Wagner's story as told in his book differs from Davern's: he claims when he went to their stateroom to talk to Wood, she wasn't there. Wagner further states that while he and Davern searched the boat for his wife he also noticed the dinghy to be missing. Wagner further wrote that he had assumed Wood had used the dinghy to go to shore as a result of the argument. Davern claims that Wagner not only seemed unconcerned, but that he told Davern not to alert anyone about Wood's absence. According to Davern, Wagner said, "We're not going to look too hard, we’re not going to turn on the search light, we’re not going to notify anybody right at the moment."

Wagner's theory is that Wood tried either to leave the yacht or to secure a dinghy from banging against the hull when she accidentally slipped and fell overboard. When her body was found a mile from the dinghy on Sunday afternoon, she was wearing a down jacket, a nightgown, and socks. A woman on a nearby yacht reported she had heard a woman calling for help at around midnight. She further reported that the cries lasted for about 15 minutes and were answered by someone else who said, "Take it easy. We'll be over to get you." According to the witness, "It was laid back, there was no urgency or immediacy in their shouts."

Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi ruled her death an accident following his investigation.

Natalie Wood was buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. Scores of international media and photographers as well as the public tried to attend Wood's funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery; however, all were required to remain outside the cemetery walls. Among the celebrity attendees were Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Fred Astaire, Rock Hudson, David Niven, Gregory Peck, Gene Kelly, Elia Kazan and Sir Laurence Olivier. Olivier, who had worked with Wood and Wagner in their 1976 television production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, flew from London to Los Angeles to attend the service.

Case reopened

On November 17, 2011, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department office announced that it had officially reopened the case, based on new information from the yacht's skipper Dennis Davern.
Sheriff's Office homicide bureau Detective Lieutenant John Corina stated at a press conference, "We recently received information that we deemed to be credible. We're going to follow up on the leads we have." Corina declined to divulge any specific information regarding the new leads but did state that Wood's husband, Robert Wagner, is not considered a suspect.

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Demi Moore

Demi Moore. Demi Guynes Kutcher , born November 11, 1962 as Demi Gene Guynes), known professionally as Demi Moore, is an American actress. After minor roles in film and a role in the soap opera General Hospital, Moore established her career in films such as St. Elmo's Fire (1985), and in the early 1990s, became one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood with her successes in Ghost (1990), A Few Good Men (1992), Indecent Proposal (1993), and Disclosure (1994).

Moore took her professional name from her first husband, musician Freddy Moore, and is the mother of three daughters from her second marriage to actor Bruce Willis. She married her third husband, actor Ashton Kutcher, in 2005, and separated from him in 2011.

Moore was born Demi Gene Guynes in Roswell, New Mexico. As a child, she had a difficult and unstable home life. Her biological father, Charles Harmon, left her mother, Virginia King (November 27, 1943 – July 2, 1998), after a two-month marriage, before Moore was born. As a result, Moore had the surname of her stepfather, Danny Guynes (March 9, 1943 – October 1980 by suicide), on her birth certificate. Danny Guynes frequently changed jobs; as a result, the family moved a total of forty times. Moore has two younger half-brothers: James Craig Harmon (paternal) and Morgan Guynes (maternal, born 1967). Her parents were alcoholics who often fought and beat each other. Moore was cross-eyed as a child and wore an eye patch in an attempt to correct the problem until it was ultimately corrected by two surgeries. She also suffered from kidney dysfunction.

Moore's family settled in Los Angeles in 1976. She attended Fairfax High School in Hollywood, where her schoolmates included Red Hot Chili Peppers frontman Anthony Kiedis, bassist Michael Balzary (aka Flea) and actor Timothy Hutton. When Moore was 16, her friend Nastassja Kinski persuaded her to drop out of school to become an actress.

fter training with John Casablancas, the founder of Elite Model Management, Moore made her film debut in the 1982 3-D science fiction/horror film, Parasite, which was a hit on the drive-in circuit, ultimately grossing $7 million. However, Moore was not widely known until she played the part of Jackie Templeton on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital, from 1982 to 1983.

In the mid-1980s, Moore appeared in the youth-oriented films St. Elmo's Fire, Blame It on Rio and About Last Night..., and she was often listed as one of the Brat Pack, a name the media dubbed a certain group of top young actors at the time. In 1988, she starred in The Seventh Sign directed by Carl Schultz. After the commercial success of Ghost, Moore was given more prominent roles in A Few Good Men, Indecent Proposal, Disclosure, and The Hunchback of Notre Dame for which she was the first actress to reach the $10 million salary mark.
Moore at the Huffington Post Pre-Inaugural Ball, 2009.

During the early 1990s, she was the highest paid actress in Hollywood. She never surpassed the success of Ghost, and had a string of less successful films like Nothing but Trouble, The Scarlet Letter, The Juror, Striptease, and G.I. Jane. Moore's Passion of Mind co-star Joss Ackland lambasted her by describing her as being "not very bright or talented", although he worked with her again on Flawless in 2008. At the same time, she produced and starred in a TV mini-series called If These Walls Could Talk, written by Nancy Savoca. A three-part series on abortion, Savoca directed two segments, including the one in which Moore played a single woman in the 1950s seeking a back-alley abortion. She was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress for that role.

Moore was a founding "celebrity investor" in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe and launched in New York on October 22, 1991) along with Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and then-husband Bruce Willis.

After a break from her acting career, Moore returned to the screen as the villain of the 2003 film Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. In 2006, she appeared in Bobby which featured an all-star cast, including her husband Ashton Kutcher, although they did not appear in any scenes together. She later starred in the thriller film Mr. Brooks, which was released on June 1, 2007. She appeared in Jon Bon Jovi's longform video "Destination Anywhere" as Janie.
In 2006, Moore became the new face for the Helena Rubinstein brand of cosmetics.

In August 1991, Moore appeared nude on the cover of Vanity Fair under the title More Demi Moore. Annie Leibovitz shot the picture while Moore was seven months pregnant with her daughter Scout LaRue, intending to portray "anti-Hollywood, anti-glitz" attitude. The cover sparked an intense controversy for Vanity Fair and Moore. It was widely discussed on television, radio, and in newspaper articles. The frankness of Leibovitz's portrayal of a pregnant sex symbol led to divided opinions, ranging from complaints of sexual objectification to celebrations of the photograph as a symbol of empowerment.

The photograph was subject to numerous parodies, including the Spy magazine version, which placed Moore's then husband Bruce Willis' head on her body. In Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., Leibovitz sued over one parody featuring Leslie Nielsen, made to promote the 1994 film Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult. In the parody, the model's body was attached to what is described as "the guilty and smirking face" of Nielsen. The teaser said "Due this March". The case was dismissed in 1996 because the parody relied "for its comic effect on the contrast between the original". In November 2009, the Moroccan magazine Femmes du Maroc emulated the infamous pose with Moroccan news reporter Nadia Larguet, causing controversy in the majority Muslim nation. In August 1992, Moore would again appear nude on the cover of Vanity Fair, modeling for the world's leading body painting artist, Joanne Gair in Demi's Birthday Suit. The painting is widely considered to be the best-known example of modern body painting artwork.

In 1980, at the age of 18, she married singer Freddy Moore, adopting his surname. The marriage ended in 1984.

In 1987, Moore met and married her second husband, actor Bruce Willis. They had three daughters together: Rumer Glenn Willis (born August 16, 1988), Scout LaRue Willis (born July 20, 1991), and Tallulah Belle Willis (born February 3, 1994). Moore and Willis divorced in 2000.

After two years of dating, Moore wed actor Ashton Kutcher on September 24, 2005. On November 17, 2011, Moore released a statement announcing her intention to divorce Kutcher. The announcement followed weeks of media speculation about the state of the couple's marriage due to his alleged cheating.
Demi Moore during a press meet in Nepal in 2011

Moore's primary residence is in Hailey, Idaho, near the Sun Valley resort, although she spent much time in the Los Angeles area during her marriage to Kutcher. She also owns a waterfront mansion on Sebago Lake, Maine. She is a practicing follower of Philip Berg's Kabbalah Centre religion, and initiated Kutcher into the faith, having said that she "didn't grow up Jewish, but ... would say that [she has] been more exposed to the deeper meanings of particular rituals than any of [her] friends that did".[20] Contrary to popular belief, Moore claims she has never been a raw foodist and dispelled the vegan rumors by eating a hamburger in a recent Mario Testino photo shoot.

According to The New York Times, Moore is "the world's most high-profile doll collector", and among her favorites is the Gene Marshall fashion doll.
She is an active Democrat and a Barack Obama supporter.

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Jerry Sandusky

Jerry Sandusky
Gerald Arthur "Jerry" Sandusky (born January 26, 1944) is a retired American football coach. He served as an assistant coach for his entire career, mostly at Pennsylvania State University under Joe Paterno, and was one of the most notable major college football coaches never to have held a head coaching position. He received Assistant Coach of the Year awards in 1986 and 1999.
Early life and football career

Sandusky was born in Washington, Pennsylvania, the son of Evelyn Mae (née Lee) and Arthur Sandusky. His paternal grandparents were Polish immigrants and his mother came from a small coal-mining town. Sandusky played for Paterno at Penn State, starting at defensive end from 1963 to 1965. After graduating first in his class with a B.S. in health and physical education, Sandusky served as a graduate assistant under Paterno at Penn State in 1966, and then held assistant coaching positions at Juniata College (1967) and Boston University (1968). He returned to Penn State in 1969 and remained there as an assistant coach until his retirement at the end of the 1999 season. Sandusky served as defensive line coach in 1969, became linebacker coach in 1970, and was promoted to defensive coordinator in 1977, holding that position until his retirement. In his years as a linebacker coach and defensive coordinator, he coached many outstanding defensive squads, and Penn State gained a reputation for outstanding linebacker play, producing 10 first-team All-Americans at that position, and acquiring the nickname "Linebacker U".

Sandusky spurned opportunities for head coaching positions, including one with the University of Maryland in 1991, in the (unfulfilled) hope of succeeding Paterno as head coach at Penn State.

His final game coaching at Penn State was a notable game for Sandusky. Penn State faced Texas A&M in the 1999 Alamo Bowl in San Antonio, Texas. Inspired to honor Sandusky, the defense produced an outstanding effort and the Nittany Lions shut out Texas A&M, 24–0, the only bowl game shutout victory for Penn State under Paterno. Sandusky was recognized in ways usually reserved for a head coach. He was doused with a water bucket and carried to the center of the field on the shoulders of his players.

After retirement, Sandusky hosted many summer football camps and was active in The Second Mile, a children's charity he founded in State College, Pennsylvania in 1977. President George H. W. Bush praised the group as a "shining example" of charity work in a 1990 letter.[9] Citing Sandusky's work with The Second Mile charity to provide care for foster children, then U.S. Senator Rick Santorum honored Sandusky with a “Congressional Angels in Adoption” award in 2002.

Sandusky wrote an autobiography titled Touched: The Jerry Sandusky Story (ISBN 9781582612706), which was published in 2001. The book includes a quote from ex-Eagles head coach Dick Vermeil about Sandusky: "He could very well be the Will Rogers of the coaching profession." Other books by Sandusky include:

    Developing linebackers the Penn State way, Leisure Press, 1981. ISBN 9780918438645
    with Cedric X. Bryant. Coaching linebackers, Coaches Choice Books, 1995. ISBN 9781571670595
    with Cedric X. Bryant. 101 linebacker drills, Coaches Choice Books, 1997. ISBN 9781571670878

Family

Sandusky is married. He and his wife have six adopted children. The Sanduskys also took in foster children, and their house is next to an elementary school and playground.

One son, Jon Sandusky, serves as Director of Player Personnel for the Cleveland Browns. Another son, E.J. Sandusky, is an assistant football coach at West Chester University.

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Joe Paterno

Early life
Joe Paterno
Paterno was born December 21, 1926, in Brooklyn, New York; he still speaks with a marked Brooklyn accent. His family is of Italian ancestry. In 1944, Paterno graduated from the now defunct Brooklyn Preparatory School. After serving a year in the Army, he attended Brown University; his tuition was paid for by Busy Arnold.

He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He played quarterback and cornerback, and as of 2011 shares, with Greg Parker, the career record for interceptions at 14. Paterno graduated with the Brown University Class of 1950. Although his father asked, "For God's sake, what did you go to college for?" after hearing of his career choice, Paterno joined his college coach Rip Engle as an assistant coach at Penn State in 1950; Engle had coached five seasons, 1944–1949, at Brown. Engle retired after the 1965 season, and Paterno was named his successor.
Tenure as head coach

Paterno's abbreviated 2011 season was his 62nd on the Penn State coaching staff, which gave him the record for most seasons for any football coach at any university. The 2009 season was Paterno’s 44th as head coach of the Nittany Lions, passing Amos Alonzo Stagg for the most years as head coach at a single institution in Division 1.

Paterno was well-known for his gameday image--thick glasses, rolled-up pants (by his admission, to save on cleaning bills), white socks and Brooklyn-tinged speech.[8] Reflecting the growth in Penn State's stature during his tenure, Beaver Stadium was expanded six times during his tenure, more than doubling in size in the process (from 46,284 in 1966 to 106,572 in 2001).

The Pittsburgh Steelers offered their head coach position to Paterno in 1969, an offer he considered seriously. The Steelers hired Chuck Noll, who won four Super Bowls in his first 11 years, and coached for an additional twelve seasons.

The New York Giants reportedly offered Paterno their head coaching spot numerous times during the team's struggles during the 1970s and early 1980s.

Michigan Athletic Director Don Canham contacted Paterno in 1969 to see if Paterno (whom Canham respected and knew personally) would accept the vacant Michigan job. Paterno turned down the offer and Michigan hired Bo Schembechler. In 1972, Paterno was offered the head coaching position by the New England Patriots. He accepted their offer, but only three weeks later decided to back out of it. The Patriots hired Chuck Fairbanks of Oklahoma instead.

In 1995, Paterno was forced to apologize for a profanity-laced tirade directed at Rutgers then-head coach Doug Graber at the conclusion of a nationally televised game He was also accused of "making light of sexual assault" in 2006 by the National Organization for Women which called for his resignation, and was involved in a road rage incident in 2007.

After five years of court battles, the Pennsylvania State Employees' Retirement System (SERS) revealed Paterno's salary in November 2007: $512,664. He was paid $490,638 in 2006. The figure was not inclusive of other compensation, such as money from television and apparel contracts as well as other bonuses that Paterno and other football bowl subdivision coaches earned, said Robert Gentzel, SERS communications director. The release of these amounts can only come at the university's approval, which Penn State spokeswoman Lisa Powers said will not happen. "I'm paid well, I'm not overpaid," Paterno said during an interview with reporters Wednesday before the salary disclosure. "I got all the money I need."

In 2008, due to a litany of football players' off-the-field legal problems, including 46 Penn State football players having faced 163 criminal charges according to an ESPN analysis of Pennsylvania court records and reports dating to 2002, ESPN questioned Joe Paterno's and the university's control over the Penn State football program by producing and airing an ESPN's Outside the Lines feature covering the subject. Paterno was criticized for his response dismissing the allegations as a "witch hunt", and chiding reporters for asking about problems.

On November 6, 2010, Paterno recorded his 400th career victory with a 35–21 victory over Northwestern. Facing a 21–0 deficit, Penn State scored 35 unanswered points, tying Paterno's largest comeback victory as a coach.

On October 29, 2011, Paterno recorded his 409th career victory with a 10–7 victory over Illinois. Facing a 7–3 deficit, Penn State drove 86 yards on their final drive to score a touchdown. A missed 42-yard field goal by Illinois which would have sent the game to overtime secured Paterno's 409th victory. With this victory, Paterno passed Eddie Robinson to become the winningest head coach in Division I college football. He trails the leader, John Gagliardi of Division III Saint John's University, by 73 wins.
Bowls and championships

Paterno holds more bowl victories (24) than any coach in history. He also tops the list of bowl appearances with 37.[16] He has a bowl record of 24 wins, 12 losses, and 1 tie following a defeat in the 2011 Outback Bowl. Paterno is the only coach with the distinction of having won each of the current four major bowls—Rose, Orange, Fiesta, and Sugar—as well as the Cotton Bowl Classic, at least once. Under Paterno, Penn State has won at least three bowl games each decade since 1970.

Paterno has led Penn State to two national championships (1982 and 1986) and five undefeated, untied seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986, and 1994). Four of his unbeaten teams (1968, 1969, 1973, and 1994) won major bowl games and were not awarded a national championship.

Penn State under Paterno won the Orange Bowl (1968, 1969, 1973, and 2005), the Cotton Bowl Classic (1972 and 1974), the Fiesta Bowl (1977, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996), the Liberty Bowl (1979), the Sugar Bowl (1982), the Aloha Bowl (1983), the Holiday Bowl (1989), the Citrus Bowl (1993 and 2010), the Rose Bowl (1994), the Outback Bowl (1995, 1998, 2006) and the Alamo Bowl (1999 and 2007).

After Penn State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1993, the Nittany Lions under Paterno won the Big Ten championship three times (1994, 2005, and 2008). Paterno had 29 finishes in the Top 10 national rankings.
Awards and honors
Memorial to Paterno in front of Penn State's Beaver Stadium

Following the 1986 championship season, Paterno was the first college football coach named "Sportsman of the Year" by Sports Illustrated magazine. In 2005, following an 11–1 comeback season in which the Lions won a share of the Big Ten title and a BCS berth, Paterno was named the 2005 AP Coach of the Year, and the 2005 Walter Camp Coach of the Year.

    Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year – 1986
    Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award (United States Sports Academy (USSA)) – 1989, 2001
    Amos Alonzo Stagg Award (AFCA) – 2002
    AFCA Coach of the Year – 1968, 1978, 1982, 1986, 2005
    Associated Press College Football Coach of the Year Award – 2005
    Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award – 1981, 2005
    Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year – 1978, 1982, 1986
    George Munger Award (Div. I Coach of the Year) – 1990, 1994, 2005
    Paul "Bear" Bryant Award – 1986
    Sporting News College Football Coach of the Year – 2005
    The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award – 2005
    Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award – 1972, 1994, 2005
    Dave McClain Big Ten Conference Coach of the Year – 1994, 2005, 2008
    NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award – 2011

On May 16, 2006, Paterno was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame after the National Football Foundation decided to change its rules and allow any coach over the age of 75 to be eligible for the Hall of Fame instead of having to wait until retirement. However, on November 4, 2006 he was injured during a sideline collision during a game against Wisconsin. As a result of his injuries, he was unable to travel to the induction ceremonies in New York City and the National Football Foundation announced that he would instead be inducted as a part of the Hall of Fame class of 2007. Paterno was inducted on December 4, 2007, and officially enshrined in a ceremony held July 19, 2008.

In 2009, Paterno was named to Sporting News' list of the 50 greatest coaches of all time (MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, college basketball, and college football). He is listed in position 13.

In 2010, the Maxwell Football Club of Philadelphia established the Joseph V. Paterno Award, to be awarded annually to the college football coach "who has made a positive impact on his university, his players and his community."

Also in 2010, the Big Ten Conference established the Stagg-Paterno Championship Trophy[25] as the annual trophy to be awarded to the winner of the conference football championship.

As Penn State football struggled from 2000 to 2004, with an overall 26–33 record in those years, Paterno became the target of criticism from some Penn State faithful. Many in the media attributed Penn State's struggles to Paterno's advancing age. With no apparent plans to retire, contingents of fans and alumni began calling for him to step down. Paterno rebuffed all of this and stated he would fulfill his contract which would expire in 2008.

Paterno announced in a speech in Pittsburgh on May 12, 2005 that he would consider retirement if the 2005 football team had a disappointing season. "If we don't win some games, I've got to get my rear end out of here", Paterno said in a speech at the Duquesne Club. "Simple as that". However, Penn State finished the season with a record of 11–1 and were champions of the Big Ten in 2005. They defeated Florida State 26–23 in triple overtime in the 2006 Orange Bowl.

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